After World War II, all European countries that had undergone Nazi-Germany’s occupation punished collaboration with the Germans. Reckoning with 'collaborationism' in post-war Italy was significantly affected by the intertwining of cooperation with the Germans during the international conflict and supporting the fascists during the Italian civil war. As a matter of fact, political adherence to the Mussolini’s Italian Social Republic corresponded to cooperation with the Germans during their military occupation, thus involving both political and military issues in the legal definition of collaborationism.